Homeostasis

Increases blood sugar, heart rate, breathing rate, cell metabolism. Dilates blood vessels and the irises of the eyes. || Initiates fight-or-flight response. || __**Introduction to Homeostasis**__
 * __**Gland**__ || __**Hormone**__ || Steroid vs. Protein || __**Targets**__ || __**Action**__ ||
 * Pituitary || **__ADH__** ||  || kidneys || Causes kidneys to increase water reabsorption in response to high blood osmotic pressure. ||
 * Adrenal || **__Aldosterone__** || steroid || Kidneys || Acts on nephrons to increase Na+ and H2O reabsorption in response to low blood pressure and volume. ||
 * Islets of Langerhans (beta cells) || **__Insulin__** ||  || Blood Sugar || Regulates blood sugar levels by increasing the permeability of cells to glucose. Promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen by liver. ||
 * Islets of Langerhans (alpha cells) || **__Glucagon__** ||  || Blood Sugar || When blood sugar levels are low glucagon promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose by liver. ||
 * anterior pituitary gland || __**Growth Hormone**__ || protein || Most cells || Stimulates growth of body. Mostly affects cartilage and bone cells. ||
 * anterior pituitary gland || __**Prolactin**__ ||  || mammary glands || only released after childbirth; stimulates the mammary glands to make breast milk. ||
 * posterior pituitary gland || __**Oxytocin**__ ||  || uterus & mammary glands || causes the uterus to contract during childbirth. ||
 * thyroid gland || __**Calcitonin**__ || protein ||  || Reduces calcium in the blood; calcium moves into bones. ||
 * thyroid gland || __**Thyroxine**__ ||  || most body cells || increases rate of metabolism of body cells ||
 * adrenal gland || __**Cortisol**__ || steroid || liver and other body cells || Increases the level of amino acids in the blood (which get converted to glucose) to help the body recover from stress. ||
 * Adrenal Medulla || __**Epinephrine**__ ||  || Heart || Released with norepinephrine in times of stress/crisis.
 * adrenal medulla || __**Norepinephrine**__ ||  || Heart/blood || Initiates the same physiological responses as epinephrine to stress/crisis.
 * anterior pituitary gland || __**LH**__ ||  || gonads || promotes testosterone production in males and ovulation in females. ||
 * anterior pituitary gland || __**FSH**__ ||  || gonads || promotes development of follicles in ovary and increases sperm production ||
 * testes || __**Testosterone**__ || steroid ||  || male sex hormone stimulating maturation of sperm cells and development of secondary sexual characteristics. ||
 * ovaries || __**Estrogen**__ || steroid ||  || female sex hormone causing thickening of endometrium and development of secondary sexual characteristics ||
 * ovaries || __**Progesterone**__ || steroid ||  || female sex hormone; maintains uterine lining during pregnancy ||
 * anterior pituitary gland || __**TSH**__ ||  || thyroid gland || stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine which regulates cell metabolism ||
 * anterior pituitary gland || __**ACTH**__ ||  || adrenal cortex || stimulates the outer layer of the adrenal gland to secrete hormones involved in stress responses ||
 * parathyroid glands || __**Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)**__ ||  || special cells in bone || raises calcium levels in blood; calcium released from bones. ||
 * || __**Melatonin**__ ||  ||   || Maintains the body's circadian rhythm; our internal 24 hour clock that helps us wake up and fall asleep ||
 * || __**Thymosin**__ || protein ||  || Plays a role in our immune system function; stimulates the production of immune cells (ex. killer T cells) ||
 * hypothalamus || __**GnRH**__ || protein ||  || responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland ||
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 * __Nerve Impulse/Action Potential Animations__**
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 * __Action Potential__**

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 * __Transmission Across A Synapse__**

[|**http://www.exploratorium.edu/learning_studio/cow_eye/index.html**]
 * __Cow's Eye Dissection__**

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 * __Sheep's Brain Dissection__**
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